Bacteriuria is defined as the presence of bacteria in the urine. The source of the bacteria is most likely associated with a UTI, which can be divided further into asymptomatic, pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis, and acute urethral syndrome.
| Type of Bacteriuria | Site of Infection | Symptoms |
| Pyelonephritis | Upper UTI, kidney parenchyma, calyces, and pelvis | Vomiting, diarrhea, chills, increased heart rate, lower abdominal pain |
| Cystitis | Lower UTI, Bladder | Dysuria, increased frequency, suprapubic tenderness, hematuria |
| Urethritis | Lower UTI, Urethra, sexually transmitted | Frequency, dysuria |
| Acute Urethral Syndrome | Lower UTI, primarily infection of sexually active women | Frequency, dysuria, urgency |
Predisposing factors that may lead to infection include compromised urine flow, alteration of pH and osmolarity due to hormones (pregnancy), high glucose concentrations, indwelling catheters, congential structural abnormalities, and immunosuppression. UTI's occurs most commonly in women due to shorter urethra, proximity of the urethra to the anus, and urethral contamination in sexual intercourse.
Routes of infection that lead to Upper UTI's are divided into ascending routes and hematogenous, or descending routes. The ascending route is the most common. The bacteria migrate from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. The descending route occurs through the migration of organisms from the blood to the kidney.
The most common pathogens of UTI's include E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. saprophyticus, Poreus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeriginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, and other Enterobacteriaceae species. The following table lists some common causes of UTI's and how they might be identified.
This link provide more detail about types of UTI's
Also, here is a link to a case study! You may have to copy and paste it into your address bar. Enjoy!
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